Ameki.
Great proposal. However, it needs the following revisions:
- Indicate the type of research: qualitative, quantitative or mixed
- Replace “paper” with study
- Address margin comments
- Chapter 2 should list the sources of your literature: google, SU library,…uo
Dr. Kuofie 5/13/22
Greetings Ameki.,
Great start on your proposal, please see my comments within the paper
To summarize:
- More sources needed; you have many affirmations without sources, each in-text citation must be listed in the reference section and vice-versa
- The literature review is too short and lacks substantial information on what makes this study relevant, compared to other research that have been conducted already
- Instrument, design, data analysis is not clearly defined and mastered
- Population is not clearly defined – Sample size calculation.
- Table of content needs to be APA formatted
- Data collection what tool? (ie: Survey Monkey)
Dr. Christian 5/15/22
The Research Proposal: Chapters 1 – 3 of the Dissertation
Submitted to South University
College of Business
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Business Administration
Ameki Williams
South University
BUS8105E_A-Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
Dr. Koufie
May 30
Abstract
The research paper will focus on the role of strategic management traits on employee performance, motivation, and job satisfaction. A literature review shows that strategic management style affects employees’ performance, determination, and job satisfaction. Pioneer scholars have extensively researched strategic management styles though there is limited literature on the impacts of management traits. The purpose of the study is to illustrate the need for new management approaches in organizational management by comparing the varying effects of management traits on performance, motivation, and job satisfaction. The existing management styles have weaknesses necessitating the need for more advanced approaches that can address these limitations. The study looks at different management traits to blend them to meet employees’ needs and organizations’ objectives. I will use a situational strategic management theoretical framework to venture into the study. The framework recognizes the need for leadership adaptability based on situations. Stakeholders will use the findings to strengthen organizational management.
Table of Contents
Abstract – pg. 2
Chapter 1 – Introduction – pg. 5
Purpose of Study – pg. 6
Statement of the Problem – pg. 6
Theoretical Framework – pg. 7
Research Questions and Hypotheses – pg. 7 – 10
Scope of the Study – pg. 10
Assumptions, Risks, and Biases – pg. 11
Significance of Study – pg. 11
Summary – pg. 12
Chapter 2 – Literature Review – pg. 12 – 13
Definition of Strategic Management – pg. 13 – 14
The strategy statements– pg. 14
Importance of vision and mission statements – pg. 15
Conceptual Framework – pg. 15 – 16
Summary – pg. 16 – 17
Chapter 3 – Methodology – pg. 17
Research Method – pg. 18 – 19
Research Design – pg. 19
Participants- pg. 19 – 20
Instrumentation – pg. 20
Questionnaire – pg. 20 – 21
Structured Interviews– pg. 21
Research Procedures – pg. 21 – 22
Data Analysis – pg. 22
Protection of Human Rights – pg. 22 – 23
Delimitations and Limitations – pg. 23 – 24
Significance of the Study – pg. 25
Summary – pg. 25 – 26
References – pg. 27 – 28
Chapter 1 – Introduction
The current research paper will focus on the impacts of strategic management attributes on employee performance, motivation and, job satisfaction. There are different management styles that management use to influence their followers towards a particular organizational goal. Some of the approaches are transformational, Laissez-Faire, democratic, transactional and autocratic management.. Business cultures influence extensively the type of strategic management styles used in organizations. Many scholars in organizational behavior and management have published articles on how management styles affect employee performance, motivation, and job satisfaction. Most researchers have found out that the type of management style utilized in organizations affects employees. Research by Al Khajeh (2018) to determine the role of management on performance found out that management approaches affect organizational performance. Also, researchers have found that transformational and transactional management styles have varying impacts on performance, employee motivation, and job satisfaction (Choi et al., 2017). Employees work well under some leadership styles because their leaders appreciate their contributions at their workplace. In other situations, employees may feel encouraged when leaders reward their top performances.
Unlike previous studies focused on leadership style in general, this research paper will focus on leadership traits. Stakeholders distinguish each of the leadership styles by characteristics that have a significant impact on employee performance. People characterize management by rewarding and punishing instances, while management is by inspiration and follower empowerment (Choi et al., 2017, Lan et al., 2019). There is a need to narrow down to the particular traits to understand their impacts on employees. The study is crucial in the field of organizational management and behaviors in many ways. The study’s findings can help leaders find a proper balance of management traits to create a motivated, performing, and satisfied workforce. Also, the study’s outcomes may help leaders and organizations to incorporate appropriate leadership styles within their operations. Thus, the study will focus on management traits and how they impact performance, motivation, and job satisfaction. The management traits that the study will focus on are visionary, delegation, and reward and punishment.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to shift overemphasis on management styles to management traits. Technically, it is the management traits that affect employees and not the generalized management styles. The second purpose is to inform organizations against restricting strategic management to one management style. In other words, the study will intend to help a visionary leader to use reward and punishment rather than inspiration only. While visionary is a trait for a traditional leader and reward and punishment a character of a transactional leader, leaders can merge them to create a hybrid leadership style based on how they complement each other.
Statement of the Problem
There is a literature gap to address leadership traits and their impacts on performance, motivation, and job satisfaction. Most scholarly work provides comprehensive information on leadership styles and their effects on various organizational aspects (Fiaz et al., 2017). However, few of the reviewed academic works discuss the concept of leadership traits. The gap prompts the need for new research that the paper will address. The other problem is that while most evidence shows that some leadership styles negatively affect employees, there is no solution from the literature. Some leadership styles only suit the organizational culture or goals and not the employees (Choi et al., 2017). Likewise, some management tactics may fit employees and not the organization’s long-term goals. Consequently, there is a problem to address these challenges. Assessing the management traits and their impacts may lead to a viable solution on balancing organizational culture and employees’ needs within the management framework.
Theoretical Framework
The research will apply the situational management theoretical framework. According to situational management theories, management style should change based on the prevailing circumstances (Thompson & Glasø, 2018). Consequently, the model assumes that there is no one suitable management style that applies to all situations. Moreover, the model recognizes the importance of management having the ability to deal with diverse circumstances. In the research paper, I will use the theoretical framework to solve the puzzle of establishing fixed management styles within organizations (Thompson & Glasø, 2018). Also, the research paper will utilize the theoretical framework to show why management styles are needed in most organizations to meet the need of employees and the goals of organizations. The advanced management style is possible by combining various management traits. Hence, the study will focus on management traits and their impacts on performance, motivation, and job satisfaction.
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Research Questions:
Research Question 1:
- What is the impact of transformational management on employee motivation and job performance?
The question is essential in determining the specific attributes of transformational management that encourage employees and prompt better performance. Transformational management lead their teams towards a common goal through inspiration and encouragement (Lan et al., 2019). Management focus on improving the entire group for organizational success. Each employee participates in the decision-making process at the company. Also, transformational management train their followers for higher responsibilities at the organization and use them as partners to achieve organizational objectives (Lan et al., 2019). The research question will help me to narrow down to leadership-specific attributes and evaluate how they influence employees’ wellness that in turn affects motivation and performance. The study’s purpose is to determine how management attributes affect motivation, employee satisfaction, and performance. Therefore, the answer to the question will help to respond to the answer.
Research Question 2:
- Do reward and punishment affect employee motivation, employee performance, and job satisfaction?
Some management styles incorporate punishments and rewards to control employees. Most literature in organizational behavior focuses much on management styles and fails to narrow down to the specific management traits. Reward and punishment are practiced by transactional management. Top performers are rewarded while poor performers are punished. Punishments include receiving lower salaries, job dismissal, or receiving inferior positions. Transactional management tend to focus much on individuals rather than a group (Wahyuni et al., 2019; Pishgooie et al., 2018). They are more concerned with the planning and execution processes, and often, rely on the established structures to exert influence on their followers. The research question will help me to delve deeper into management attributes that affect overall employee motivation, performance, and job satisfaction. The response to the question is pivotal in answering the overall research question on the impacts of management attributes on employee performance, motivation, and job satisfaction.
Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that reward and punishment affect employees’ performance, motivation, and job satisfaction.
Research Question 3:
- Does delegation affect employee motivation, job satisfaction, and performance?
Some management styles embrace role delegation while others do not. Delegation is assigning roles to other team members for various reasons. The question aims to create an understanding of how the attribute of rile delegation affect motivation, satisfaction, and performance (Pishgooie et al., 2018). Employees may feel valued when they receive more roles at their workplace in some instances while others may feel demotivated due to increased roles. Either way, delegation will affect motivation, performance, and job satisfaction. Some management styles that embrace delegation are transformational and charismatic. The findings on the question will help to determine how leadership traits affect employees’ wellness. These findings will align study purpose that aims at finding the relationship between management traits and motivation, performance, and job satisfaction.
Hypothesis: Delegation motivates employees, leads to job satisfaction and better performance.
Research Question 4:
- What are the impacts of a visionary leader on motivation, employee performance, and job satisfaction?
A visionary management is one with a clear picture of how the future should look. Visionary leaders are strategic and influence their followers to undertake bold steps for a better future. The visionary trait is associated with charismatic and transformational management styles (Lan et al., 2019). The question is essential for the study because it will help in examining how various leadership traits affect employee performance, motivation, and job satisfaction.
Scope of the Study
Delimitations:
The study will focus on the relationship between various management traits and their impacts on motivation, job satisfaction, and employee performance. The research paper will consider the strengths and weaknesses of key management traits such as reward and punishment and how they affect employees and overall performance. Further, the research will examine how management and organizations can reduce the risks associated with management traits by combining strategic management characteristics from various management styles. The study focuses on management traits because scholars have covered extensively on management styles.
Limitations:
One of the limitations in conducting the study is resources and time. Comprehensive research will require enough time and money to actualize and, that is not possible for this research paper. Secondly, the study will include a smaller sample size which limits its credibility.
Assumptions, Risks and Biases
Assumption refers to conditions under which the statistical techniques utilized will lead to valid results. In this context, the researcher assumed that the employees involved in the study would cooperate by providing honest and complete answers during interview sessions and when responding to questionnaires. Additionally, the sample was assumed to be true representation of study population as they had similar characteristics.
Biases occur when the entire research process is skewed to achieve a specific outcome. One of the biases that can occur in research is design biases which relates to the structure and method of the research. Design bias is contributed by the preferences of the researcher instead of selecting research design that work effectively for a certain context. In our context, it is worth noting that there is risk of biases from the interviewer as he can introduce his disposition or relation with the participants. There is also a risk of biased questions in terms of negative questions or leading questions. As a result, the researcher has ensured that biased questions in interview and questionnaires. Also predetermined questions will be used for the structured interview. This will ensure consistency among employees and managers drawn from different organizations (Formplus, 2020). The uniformity of questions will prevent biases during the research process.
Significance of the Study
Managers of different companies will benefit from the finding of this study because in a globalized world, the strategic management influence the state of performance appraisal system. They will understand different strategic management practices and this will help them to improve performance of appraisal system. Management of companies will get better understanding of the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system. This will help them to obtain more information on how to establish strategic management practices that will improve performance appraisal system in their organizations.
The findings of this study will also be beneficial to academicians and scholars as it will provide them with relevant literature on strategic management and performance appraisal. It will highlight the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system.
Summary
Summarily, the study will focus on the impacts of management traits on performance, employee motivation, and job satisfaction. A situational theoretical framework will be applied in the study. The purpose of the research paper is to help management, and organizations to adopt hybrid management styles rather than depending on the existing techniques which may not suit the changing workforce and business environment. The limitations in the study include inadequate time and resources. When conducting the study, the assumption is that management traits have similar impacts on all employees and that organizations will embrace the study’s findings.
Chapter 2 – Literature Review
Strategic management entails finding and describing the methods that managers might employ to boost their company’s performance and acquire a competitive advantage. A competitive advantage is defined as an organization’s profitability exceeding that of all other firms in its industry (Schmuck, 2020). Preparing for both anticipated and unforeseeable occurrences is the essence of strategic management. It is relevant to both small and large businesses as even the smallest businesses face competition and can gain a competitive edge over time by developing and implementing effective strategies. Employees benefit from strategic management because it gives them a broader perspective on how their job fits into the organization’s overall plan and how it relates to other members of the business team. It is the capacity to manage people in a way that maximizes their potential to fulfill business goals (Kombate et al., 2021). Therefore, the main objective of this work is to review the literature on the main concepts of strategic management in an organization. The review of literature is divided into the following parts; (1) the definition of strategic management, (2) the process of strategic management, (3) the components of strategic management, (4)the need for strategic management in an organization (5) emerging issues, (6) gaps in the research and (7) Conceptual framework (8) conclusion.
Definition of Strategic Management
Managers employ strategy to accomplish one or more of the organization’s goals. According to another definition, “a general direction defined for the company and its numerous components toward obtaining a desired state in the future.” “Strategy is the result of a comprehensive strategic planning process.” In order to attain present goals, a strategy requires merging organizational operations as well as utilizing and allocating finite resources within the organizational environment. Remember that initiatives are not made in a vacuum and that any action taken by a firm is likely to generate a reaction from those that are affected, such as opponents, customers, employees, or suppliers, while formulating a strategy.
Strategy is critical now that it is hard to anticipate the future. Even if they lack perfect foresight, businesses must be prepared to put up with the unpredictable occurrences that make up a business environment (MSG, 2021). It also considers long-term trends rather than daily operations, such as the likelihood of future breakthroughs, new products, new production methods, or new markets. Finally, when establishing a strategy, the expected behavior of customers and competitors is considered. Employee behavior is predicted by employee management practices. As a result, a company’s strategy is a very well road plan. It establishes the general mission, vision, and strategy of an organization (Kombate et al., 2021). A strategy’s purpose is to maximize an organization’s strengths while minimizing the strengths of competitors.
The strategy statements
The strategy statement sets the long-term strategic direction and broad policy directions of an organization. it includes:
- strategic intent: it is the purpose and the reason why there is a strategy statement, and it continues to exist to maintain a competitive advantage. It helps the management of focus on the priorities of an organization; hence it influences the resource potential of an organization and core competencies to be achieved.
- Mission Statement: it is the statement of the role by which an organization intends to serve its stakeholders. Provides a framework within which strategies are formulated as it describes reasons why an organization is operating,
- Vision: it identifies where the organization intends or wants to be in the future and where it should be when it meets all the needs of the stakeholders.
- Goals and objectives: a goal is desired future state that an organization tries to achieve or a period. What must be done by an organization is specified by goals making mission and vision more prominent and concrete. On the other end, objectives are defined as goals to be achieved by an organization.
Importance of vision and mission statements
The organization must have a lucid, coherent, and meaningful vision and mission statements to return more than double the numbers for the benefit of shareholders. Mission and vision are very beneficial to an organization in many ways, and they include:
- They provide unanimity of purpose to organizations and make the staff feel a sense of belonging and identity.
- They spell out the context in which an organization operates by providing workers with a tone to be followed in the workplace.
- They serve as focal points for employees to identify themselves with an organization’s activity. It also gives every individual in an organization a sense of direction as well deterring those who do not wish to follow them from taking part in the activities of an organization.
- Help in translating the objectives of an organization into work structures and assign tasks to organization elements.
- Specify the main structure utilized by an organization when translating objectives into actionable cost, performance, and time-related measures.
- Provide a philosophy of existence to employees as well as provide the necessary meaning for work in an organization.
Conceptual Framework
Strategies management requires an organization to set objectives, analyze the actions of competitors, evaluate its current strategies and confirm them, review internal structure and implement the approved strategies (Pavlák & Písař, 2020). Strategic management can be either be prescriptive or descriptive. Prescriptive strategic management is when an organization develops strategies in advance(Fuertes et al., 2020). Descriptive strategic management is when an organization puts strategies into practice only when needed(Fuertes et al., 2020). However, both descriptive and prescriptive management use management theory and practices.
Therefore, in this study, prescriptive strategic management will be used as a strategic management approach. The objectives of organizations will have to be defined in advance, and the main elements developed before the strategy begins. An organization has to intentionally plan and formulate a deliberate, rational strategy according to its intentions. The approach follows an authoritative management style as well as a top-down hierarchical structure. The process in this approach is linear, i.e., from strategic analysis to development and then to implementation(Fuertes et al., 2020). The approach is an orderly, deterministic, rational, and systematic process. Besides, the prescriptive approach is being used together with a systematic review of the literature. The systematic review of literature is carried out as an appropriate methodology to produce a reliable knowledge inventory. The searching process is limited to published literature, including books, journals, and conference proceedings.
Summary
Strategic management is a process involving environmental analysis of the organization by its managers to formulate strategies and plans for their implementation. Hence it can be concluded that strategic management involves activities such as analysis of strategies, creation, implementation, and control strategies. It is very important for an organization to understand what its current situation is in order to develop and determine its mission and objectives. Strategies can successfully be deployed by an organization to realize its objective and mission. Strategic management in any organization needs a lot of strategic thinking to help managers recognize the priorities and come up with the best actions necessary in realizing the mission and objectives. Strategy is a very useful concept utilized by managers. Therefore, this paper has discussed strategic management in an organization by defining its main concept as well as the conceptual framework to be used in this research. The paper has also identified gaps in recent related studies.
Chapter 3 – Methodology
The study aims to assess the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system. For decades now, organizations have adopted strategic management approaches to gain a competitive advantage. Leading companies like Apple, Samsung, and Facebook have comprehensive strategies that drive their businesses. Strategic management applies in every aspect of an organization, including recruitment, manufacturing, quality improvement, and sales and advertisement. Strategies make organizations sustainable (Bryson & George, 2020).
On the other hand, human resource managers use an appraisal system to evaluate employee performance in organizations. The performance appraisal system is critical in measuring employee productivity, the quality of products, and how they contribute to competitive advantage. Organizations implement various types of performance appraisal systems to assess their employees. Numerous articles published previously show that appropriate performance appraisal can increase employee motivation, performance, and job satisfaction (Subekti, 2021). Likewise, studies indicate that strategic management leads to business sustainability, increased performance, and profitability. However, less scholarly work explains how strategic management and performance appraisal systems relate to each other in organizations. Thus, the study will address the gap.
Research Method
The research focuses on strategic management in organizations. There on numerous researches on strategic management in the organization, but little is known about employees’ perspectives and views of strategic management. The study method that will be used in the research is quantitative. The research method is focused on numbers and accuracy. (Apuke, 2017) defines quantitative research as a method that deals with quantifying and analyzing variables to get results. The method involves utilizing and analyzing numerical data using various statistical tools to answer questions (Apuke, 2017). The questions answered through quantitative research methodology are how, how much, and who.
The first reason for using quantitative research methodology is to conduct a much broader study on strategic management in an organization. Quantitative studies will allow for the inclusion of a larger sample size, unlike other research methods (Apuke, 2017). The other advantage of the research method is that it allows for objectivity and accuracy. The study method allows for the inclusion of a few variables (Mander, 2022). Further, the data collected is closed-ended. Subsequently, it will be easy to analyze the collected data during data analysis. Additionally, collecting data is easy using a quantitative approach.
The other study methods are mixed and qualitative. Mixed methods research uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The approach will not be used in the study because the qualitative component of the research topic is underdeveloped (Wilkinson & Staley, 2017). Further, a mixed research method could deviate from the study’s purpose, which is focused on strategic management in organizations. Consequently, the findings may not address the research objectives making the study less reliable and accurate (Wilkinson & Staley, 2017). On the other hand, the qualitative method uses human experiences and perspectives. The methodology will not be used because it is not suitable for a larger sample, and the research will involve large sample sizes. Also, the study method is not objective and does not use numerical data. The study will use numerical values making the methodology unsuitable.
Research Design
There are four quantitative research methods; descriptive, correlation, quasi-experimental and experimental. The study will use a correlation study design. A correlation study measures the relationship between various variables. It will be used to determine how strategic management affects various organizational variables. There are three types of correlations in business studies that can be found when comparing the association between various variables. The first correlation is positive and occurs when an increase in one variable increases the other (Formplus, 2020). A negative correlation occurs when the association between variables is inversely proportional, while zero correlation is when the variables do not affect each other (Formplus, 2020). Descriptive research is used to obtain information describing a phenomenon or population in business. However, it will not be used in the research because the concept of strategic management in organizations is well-defined. Quasi-experiments are used to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. However, the research will not focus on programs or organizational interventions, and thus, it is unsuitable. On the hand, experimental studies are used to determine the cause and effect relationship between dependent and independent variables. Therefore, it is unsuitable for this particular study.
Participants
The study participants will be employees from the organizations where strategic management will be studied. Selection will be done using the criterion sampling technique. A total of 100 participants will be included. Each participant will be informed of the research objectives and fill out consent forms before participating in the study. Data collected will be kept confidential by the researcher.
Instrumentation
Instrumentation refers to the tools or means researchers use to measure various research variables. Each instrument is selected based on the research goals. The research will use a questionnaire to collect information on various variables related to strategic management from an organization. According to (Leung, 2001), questionnaires are used to collect information from participants the researcher is interested with. Furthermore, a questionnaire is applicable in research when to collect factual data. Consequently, the investigators must ensure that the questionnaires are highly structured to allow the same types of information to be collected from a large number of people in the same way and for data to be analyzed quantitatively and systematically (Leung, 2001). The research will use questionnaires to obtain critical information on independent variables.
Questionnaires
There are different types of questionnaires that include open-ended, closed and semi structured. Open-ended questions have no choices and participants are allowed to give their responses which may differ significantly (Aryal, 2021). On the other hand, closed questions have predetermined answers. The researcher can provide multiple choices and allow participants to select one choice. Also, such questions may require a no or yes answer. On the other hand, semi structured questions use combine both types of questions (open-ended and closed. (Leung, 2001) asserts that proper questionnaire design leads to accurate information and increase response rate. Therefore, the research will use closed-ended question. The main reason for using closed-ended questionnaire is that the research is quantitative. Therefore, providing participants with predetermined choices will lead to numerical data thereby facilitating the use of quantitative data analysis method (Aryal, 2021). Open-ended questionnaires will not be used in the study because the responses obtained are qualitative and not numerical. Qualitative data will not be possible in the quantitative research. Lastly, semi-structured questionnaires are excluded because they may only be more suitable in mixed method research where both quantitative and qualitative data is used.
Structured Interviews
Other common instruments used to collect data in research are interviews and observation. Interview is a method of data collection that involves two or more people exchanging information through a series of questions and answers. When the number of people responding to the question is more than one, it becomes a focus group. Interviews are appropriate when asking questions involving lengthy explanation or when studying confusing topics with respondents. However, they will not be applied in the research because of increased bias. Also, they lead to qualitative information while the research is quantitative. On the other hand, observation is a data collection method where the researcher watches people, events or features of the research environment (What is observational research, 2022). The main weakness of the methodology is that the researcher will have to use more time in collecting data (What is observational research, 2022). Also, it will be difficult to control research variables. Consequently, the method will not be used in the research.
Research Procedure
The first procedure in the research will be identifying the dependent and independent research variables. The research will focus these variables during the data collection process. The second procedure will involve selecting participants. The criterion sampling technique will be used to identify one hundred participants. The participants will fill consent forms before enrolling to participate in the research. Also, participation will be made voluntary with those participating. Each participant will be free to withdraw from the research process at any time without seeking permission from the researcher. Participants will be both female and males and employees of selected organization. After collecting data, data will be analyzed and findings shared to the relevant stakeholders.
Data Analysis
Data analysis involves organizing and explaining the data collected from the field or secondary sources. Therefore, it involves the process of making sense of data based on the definition of patterns and themes. Questionnaires will be edited for completeness and consistency after collecting data. This will ensure that variations related to missing responses, and multiple responses are minimized.
Qualitative data will be analyzed using excel (computer program) to draw findings related to this study. Before conducting analysis, the non-standard and complex nature of collected data would be categorized to ensure meaningful analysis. Additionally, the collected data would be presented in charts, and tables. This way, the analysis process would establish whether the collected data supports the objective of the study.
Protection of Human Rights
The researcher would remind the sample population on voluntary participation and that they could withdraw from the study at any process of the study. No participants would be compelled to provide responses that would be used against them. Also, the researcher will remind them of the confidentiality of their responses during the study. Also, the researcher will provide the procedures that would be followed to protect the confidentiality of the information provided by respondents. This will ensure that the information provided by respondents during interviews and questionnaires will not be used against them by the organization. After ensure that all protocol have been established to address protection of human subject issues, I would ensure that my proposal is reviewed and approved by the South University Institutional Review Board.
Delimitations and Limitations
Since data will be collected from five different companies in the United States, the data collected might differ from the participants’ perception on the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system. This is because most companies utilize different strategic management that is likely to be different from their competitors. However, the study will use effective instruments to collect both specific and general information on the relationship between strategic management and the performance appraisal system.
Moreover, the study is likely to experience financial and time limitations. The duration in which the study is conducted is limited; therefore, it will be exhaustive to collect data from five different companies in the United States. However, the study will minimize these limitations by conducted interviews at the headquarters of these companies because it is where strategic management are implemented and pass on to other branches.
Additionally, most of the respondents thought that the information they provided in interviews and questionnaires could be used against them by the organization. As a result, they had fears to the point that they are reluctant to engage in this study and provided dishonest responses. However, to address this limitation, the researcher will remind them of the confidentiality of their responses during the study. Also, the researcher will provide the procedures that would be followed to protect the confidentiality of the information provided by respondents.
Assumptions, Risks and Biases
Assumption refers to conditions under which the statistical techniques utilized will lead to valid results. In this context, the researcher assumed that the employees involved in the study would cooperate by providing honest and complete answers during interview sessions and when responding to questionnaires. Additionally, the sample was assumed to be true representation of study population as they had similar characteristics.
Biases occur when the entire research process is skewed to achieve a specific outcome. One of the biases that can occur in research is design biases which relates to the structure and method of the research. Design bias is contributed by the preferences of the researcher instead of selecting research design that work effectively for a certain context. In our context, it is worth noting that there is risk of biases from the interviewer as he can introduce his disposition or relation with the participants. There is also a risk of biased questions in terms of negative questions or leading questions. As a result, the researcher has ensured that biased questions in interview and questionnaires. Also predetermined questions will be used for the structured interview. This will ensure consistency among employees and managers drawn from different organizations (Formplus, 2020). The uniformity of questions will prevent biases during the research process.
Significance of the Study
Managers of different companies will benefit from the finding of this study because in a globalized world, the strategic management influence the state of performance appraisal system. They will understand different strategic management practices and this will help them to improve performance of appraisal system. Management of companies will get better understanding of the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system. This will help them to obtain more information on how to establish strategic management practices that will improve performance appraisal system in their organizations.
The findings of this study will also be beneficial to academicians and scholars as it will provide them with relevant literature on strategic management and performance appraisal. It will highlight the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system.
Summary
The study consisted of a detailed description of research design, population and sample, instrumentation, research procedure, data analysis, and limitations. The study aims to assess the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system. At least 10 participants will be selected from at least 2 different companies in the United States and the study will be conducted using a qualitative research method. The instrumentation for use in the study is questionnaires and interviews. The researcher will include questions related to strategic management and performance appraisal in the questionnaires and interviews. The findings of this study will be beneficial to management of companies as they will get better understanding of the relationship between strategic management in organizations and the performance appraisal system. This will help them to obtain more information on how to establish strategic management practices that will improve performance appraisal system in their organizations.
References
Apuke, O. D. (2017). Quantitative research methods : A synopsis approach. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 6(11), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.12816/0040336
Aryal, S. (2021, July 26). Questionnaire- types, format, questions. Microbe Notes. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://microbenotes.com/questionnaire-types-format-questions/
Delve. (2022, February 11). What is observational research? Delve. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://delvetool.com/blog/observation
Bryson, J., & George, B. (2020). Strategic management in public administration. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1396
Formplus. (2020, January 23). Correlational Research Designs: Types, examples & methods. Formplus. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://www.formpl.us/blog/correlational-research
Leung, W.-C. (2001). How to design a questionnaire. BMJ, 322(Suppl S6), 0106187. https://doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0106187
Mander, J. (2022, March 8). Qualitative & Quantitative Research Methods. GWI. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://blog.gwi.com/trends/qualitative-vs-quantitative/
MSG. (2021). Strategy evaluation process and its significance. Management Study Guide – Courses for Students, Professionals & Faculty Members. https://www.managementstudyguide.com/strategy-evaluation.htm
Subekti, A. (2021). The Influence of Performance Appraisal System Towards Job Satisfaction, Motivation, As Well As Employee Performance. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 5(2), 104–114
Wilkinson, I. A., & Staley, B. (2017). On the pitfalls and promises of using mixed methods in literacy research: Perceptions of reviewers. Research Papers in Education, 34(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2017.1402081
Please review your APA manual for proper formatting of the table of content ( https://www.scientific-editing.info/blog/apa-table-of-contents-how-to-create-one/)
Remove extra period
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The researcher
In APA only titles need to be in bold, please review manual for clarification
The researcher
Confusing statement what do you mean by the the answer will help respond to the answer ?
You have to clearly define the type of research you plan to conduct ( quantitative , qualitative or mixed methods) depending on your choice your research question must match that type of research
You need to elaborate more and clerkly define for the purpose of this study what is considered punishment and rewards
You have to elaborate more on this, when you say receive lower salary it is assuming that they only get paid by performance, also what do you mean by receiving inferior positions?
If this is a quantitative research you will also need a null hypothesis
Are you using management and leadership interchangeably in this research if so you must clearly define so.
How do you plan to overcome these limitations?
What do you mean by biased questions in the questionnaires?
Has to be on a separate page
The scope of your study is: The study will focus on the relationship between various management traits and their impacts on motivation, job satisfaction, and employee performance therefore your literature review has to cover that as well
More work needs to be done with the literature review, I do not see what other research have said on your topic,
The purpose of a literature review is to:
- Provide foundation of knowledge on topic
- Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give credit to other researchers
- Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left from other research
- Identify need for additional research (justifying your research)
- Identify the relationship of works in context of its contribution to the topic and to other works
- Place your own research within the context of existing literature making a case for why further study is needed
Separate page
How?
You will need to have a null hypothesis than
This is not reflected on you research questions
Please review your methodology because there are discrepancies between your chosen methodology and the research questions
You have to define the variables ( dependent and independent )
A combination of
Suitable
Source
What is the name of the author?
I thought you were doing a quantitative research
You may want to look into SPSS for your software,
This section is flawed, are you using ANOVA, Pearson R, etc? how would you identify the correlation
“Repetitive” same sentence has been stated earlier
Some in-text citations are not listed here, This paper needs to be revised and elaborated more,
